{
  "title": "Global Agri-Food Vulnerability Index",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-28T18:02:02+00:00",
  "pipeline_commit": "860875e",
  "window": {
    "start": 2014,
    "end": 2023
  },
  "counts": {
    "countries": 178,
    "country_years": 1780
  },
  "years": [
    2014,
    2015,
    2016,
    2017,
    2018,
    2019,
    2020,
    2021,
    2022,
    2023
  ],
  "countries": [
    {
      "iso3": "AFG",
      "name": "Afghanistan",
      "iso_numeric": 4
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ALB",
      "name": "Albania",
      "iso_numeric": 8
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DZA",
      "name": "Algeria",
      "iso_numeric": 12
    },
    {
      "iso3": "AGO",
      "name": "Angola",
      "iso_numeric": 24
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ATG",
      "name": "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "iso_numeric": 28
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ARG",
      "name": "Argentina",
      "iso_numeric": 32
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ARM",
      "name": "Armenia",
      "iso_numeric": 51
    },
    {
      "iso3": "AUS",
      "name": "Australia",
      "iso_numeric": 36
    },
    {
      "iso3": "AUT",
      "name": "Austria",
      "iso_numeric": 40
    },
    {
      "iso3": "AZE",
      "name": "Azerbaijan",
      "iso_numeric": 31
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BHS",
      "name": "Bahamas",
      "iso_numeric": 44
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BHR",
      "name": "Bahrain",
      "iso_numeric": 48
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BGD",
      "name": "Bangladesh",
      "iso_numeric": 50
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BRB",
      "name": "Barbados",
      "iso_numeric": 52
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BLR",
      "name": "Belarus",
      "iso_numeric": 112
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BEL",
      "name": "Belgium",
      "iso_numeric": 56
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BLZ",
      "name": "Belize",
      "iso_numeric": 84
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BTN",
      "name": "Bhutan",
      "iso_numeric": 64
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BOL",
      "name": "Bolivia, Plurinational State of",
      "iso_numeric": 68
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BIH",
      "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
      "iso_numeric": 70
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BWA",
      "name": "Botswana",
      "iso_numeric": 72
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BRA",
      "name": "Brazil",
      "iso_numeric": 76
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BGR",
      "name": "Bulgaria",
      "iso_numeric": 100
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BFA",
      "name": "Burkina Faso",
      "iso_numeric": 854
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CPV",
      "name": "Cabo Verde",
      "iso_numeric": 132
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KHM",
      "name": "Cambodia",
      "iso_numeric": 116
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CMR",
      "name": "Cameroon",
      "iso_numeric": 120
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CAN",
      "name": "Canada",
      "iso_numeric": 124
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CHL",
      "name": "Chile",
      "iso_numeric": 152
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CHN",
      "name": "China",
      "iso_numeric": 156
    },
    {
      "iso3": "COL",
      "name": "Colombia",
      "iso_numeric": 170
    },
    {
      "iso3": "COM",
      "name": "Comoros",
      "iso_numeric": 174
    },
    {
      "iso3": "COG",
      "name": "Congo",
      "iso_numeric": 178
    },
    {
      "iso3": "COD",
      "name": "Congo, The Democratic Republic of the",
      "iso_numeric": 180
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CRI",
      "name": "Costa Rica",
      "iso_numeric": 188
    },
    {
      "iso3": "HRV",
      "name": "Croatia",
      "iso_numeric": 191
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CUB",
      "name": "Cuba",
      "iso_numeric": 192
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CYP",
      "name": "Cyprus",
      "iso_numeric": 196
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CZE",
      "name": "Czechia",
      "iso_numeric": 203
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CIV",
      "name": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire",
      "iso_numeric": 384
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DNK",
      "name": "Denmark",
      "iso_numeric": 208
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DJI",
      "name": "Djibouti",
      "iso_numeric": 262
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DOM",
      "name": "Dominican Republic",
      "iso_numeric": 214
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ECU",
      "name": "Ecuador",
      "iso_numeric": 218
    },
    {
      "iso3": "EGY",
      "name": "Egypt",
      "iso_numeric": 818
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SLV",
      "name": "El Salvador",
      "iso_numeric": 222
    },
    {
      "iso3": "EST",
      "name": "Estonia",
      "iso_numeric": 233
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SWZ",
      "name": "Eswatini",
      "iso_numeric": 748
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ETH",
      "name": "Ethiopia",
      "iso_numeric": 231
    },
    {
      "iso3": "FJI",
      "name": "Fiji",
      "iso_numeric": 242
    },
    {
      "iso3": "FIN",
      "name": "Finland",
      "iso_numeric": 246
    },
    {
      "iso3": "FRA",
      "name": "France",
      "iso_numeric": 250
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PYF",
      "name": "French Polynesia",
      "iso_numeric": 258
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GAB",
      "name": "Gabon",
      "iso_numeric": 266
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GMB",
      "name": "Gambia",
      "iso_numeric": 270
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GEO",
      "name": "Georgia",
      "iso_numeric": 268
    },
    {
      "iso3": "DEU",
      "name": "Germany",
      "iso_numeric": 276
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GHA",
      "name": "Ghana",
      "iso_numeric": 288
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GRC",
      "name": "Greece",
      "iso_numeric": 300
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GRD",
      "name": "Grenada",
      "iso_numeric": 308
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GTM",
      "name": "Guatemala",
      "iso_numeric": 320
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GIN",
      "name": "Guinea",
      "iso_numeric": 324
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GNB",
      "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
      "iso_numeric": 624
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GUY",
      "name": "Guyana",
      "iso_numeric": 328
    },
    {
      "iso3": "HTI",
      "name": "Haiti",
      "iso_numeric": 332
    },
    {
      "iso3": "HND",
      "name": "Honduras",
      "iso_numeric": 340
    },
    {
      "iso3": "HKG",
      "name": "Hong Kong",
      "iso_numeric": 344
    },
    {
      "iso3": "HUN",
      "name": "Hungary",
      "iso_numeric": 348
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ISL",
      "name": "Iceland",
      "iso_numeric": 352
    },
    {
      "iso3": "IND",
      "name": "India",
      "iso_numeric": 356
    },
    {
      "iso3": "IDN",
      "name": "Indonesia",
      "iso_numeric": 360
    },
    {
      "iso3": "IRN",
      "name": "Iran, Islamic Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 364
    },
    {
      "iso3": "IRQ",
      "name": "Iraq",
      "iso_numeric": 368
    },
    {
      "iso3": "IRL",
      "name": "Ireland",
      "iso_numeric": 372
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ISR",
      "name": "Israel",
      "iso_numeric": 376
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ITA",
      "name": "Italy",
      "iso_numeric": 380
    },
    {
      "iso3": "JAM",
      "name": "Jamaica",
      "iso_numeric": 388
    },
    {
      "iso3": "JOR",
      "name": "Jordan",
      "iso_numeric": 400
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KAZ",
      "name": "Kazakhstan",
      "iso_numeric": 398
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KEN",
      "name": "Kenya",
      "iso_numeric": 404
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KIR",
      "name": "Kiribati",
      "iso_numeric": 296
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PRK",
      "name": "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 408
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KOR",
      "name": "Korea, Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 410
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KWT",
      "name": "Kuwait",
      "iso_numeric": 414
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KGZ",
      "name": "Kyrgyzstan",
      "iso_numeric": 417
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LAO",
      "name": "Lao People's Democratic Republic",
      "iso_numeric": 418
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LVA",
      "name": "Latvia",
      "iso_numeric": 428
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LBN",
      "name": "Lebanon",
      "iso_numeric": 422
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LSO",
      "name": "Lesotho",
      "iso_numeric": 426
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LBR",
      "name": "Liberia",
      "iso_numeric": 430
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LBY",
      "name": "Libya",
      "iso_numeric": 434
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LTU",
      "name": "Lithuania",
      "iso_numeric": 440
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LUX",
      "name": "Luxembourg",
      "iso_numeric": 442
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MAC",
      "name": "Macao",
      "iso_numeric": 446
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MDG",
      "name": "Madagascar",
      "iso_numeric": 450
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MWI",
      "name": "Malawi",
      "iso_numeric": 454
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MYS",
      "name": "Malaysia",
      "iso_numeric": 458
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MDV",
      "name": "Maldives",
      "iso_numeric": 462
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MLT",
      "name": "Malta",
      "iso_numeric": 470
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MHL",
      "name": "Marshall Islands",
      "iso_numeric": 584
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MRT",
      "name": "Mauritania",
      "iso_numeric": 478
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MUS",
      "name": "Mauritius",
      "iso_numeric": 480
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MEX",
      "name": "Mexico",
      "iso_numeric": 484
    },
    {
      "iso3": "FSM",
      "name": "Micronesia, Federated States of",
      "iso_numeric": 583
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MDA",
      "name": "Moldova, Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 498
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MNG",
      "name": "Mongolia",
      "iso_numeric": 496
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MNE",
      "name": "Montenegro",
      "iso_numeric": 499
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MAR",
      "name": "Morocco",
      "iso_numeric": 504
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MOZ",
      "name": "Mozambique",
      "iso_numeric": 508
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MMR",
      "name": "Myanmar",
      "iso_numeric": 104
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NAM",
      "name": "Namibia",
      "iso_numeric": 516
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NRU",
      "name": "Nauru",
      "iso_numeric": 520
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NPL",
      "name": "Nepal",
      "iso_numeric": 524
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NLD",
      "name": "Netherlands",
      "iso_numeric": 528
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NCL",
      "name": "New Caledonia",
      "iso_numeric": 540
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NZL",
      "name": "New Zealand",
      "iso_numeric": 554
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NIC",
      "name": "Nicaragua",
      "iso_numeric": 558
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NER",
      "name": "Niger",
      "iso_numeric": 562
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NGA",
      "name": "Nigeria",
      "iso_numeric": 566
    },
    {
      "iso3": "MKD",
      "name": "North Macedonia",
      "iso_numeric": 807
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NOR",
      "name": "Norway",
      "iso_numeric": 578
    },
    {
      "iso3": "OMN",
      "name": "Oman",
      "iso_numeric": 512
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PAK",
      "name": "Pakistan",
      "iso_numeric": 586
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PAN",
      "name": "Panama",
      "iso_numeric": 591
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PNG",
      "name": "Papua New Guinea",
      "iso_numeric": 598
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PRY",
      "name": "Paraguay",
      "iso_numeric": 600
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PER",
      "name": "Peru",
      "iso_numeric": 604
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PHL",
      "name": "Philippines",
      "iso_numeric": 608
    },
    {
      "iso3": "POL",
      "name": "Poland",
      "iso_numeric": 616
    },
    {
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "name": "Portugal",
      "iso_numeric": 620
    },
    {
      "iso3": "QAT",
      "name": "Qatar",
      "iso_numeric": 634
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ROU",
      "name": "Romania",
      "iso_numeric": 642
    },
    {
      "iso3": "RUS",
      "name": "Russian Federation",
      "iso_numeric": 643
    },
    {
      "iso3": "RWA",
      "name": "Rwanda",
      "iso_numeric": 646
    },
    {
      "iso3": "KNA",
      "name": "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "iso_numeric": 659
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LCA",
      "name": "Saint Lucia",
      "iso_numeric": 662
    },
    {
      "iso3": "VCT",
      "name": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "iso_numeric": 670
    },
    {
      "iso3": "WSM",
      "name": "Samoa",
      "iso_numeric": 882
    },
    {
      "iso3": "STP",
      "name": "Sao Tome and Principe",
      "iso_numeric": 678
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SAU",
      "name": "Saudi Arabia",
      "iso_numeric": 682
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SEN",
      "name": "Senegal",
      "iso_numeric": 686
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SRB",
      "name": "Serbia",
      "iso_numeric": 688
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SYC",
      "name": "Seychelles",
      "iso_numeric": 690
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SLE",
      "name": "Sierra Leone",
      "iso_numeric": 694
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SVK",
      "name": "Slovakia",
      "iso_numeric": 703
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SVN",
      "name": "Slovenia",
      "iso_numeric": 705
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SLB",
      "name": "Solomon Islands",
      "iso_numeric": 90
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ZAF",
      "name": "South Africa",
      "iso_numeric": 710
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ESP",
      "name": "Spain",
      "iso_numeric": 724
    },
    {
      "iso3": "LKA",
      "name": "Sri Lanka",
      "iso_numeric": 144
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SUR",
      "name": "Suriname",
      "iso_numeric": 740
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SWE",
      "name": "Sweden",
      "iso_numeric": 752
    },
    {
      "iso3": "CHE",
      "name": "Switzerland",
      "iso_numeric": 756
    },
    {
      "iso3": "SYR",
      "name": "Syrian Arab Republic",
      "iso_numeric": 760
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TWN",
      "name": "Taiwan, Province of China",
      "iso_numeric": 158
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TJK",
      "name": "Tajikistan",
      "iso_numeric": 762
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TZA",
      "name": "Tanzania, United Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 834
    },
    {
      "iso3": "THA",
      "name": "Thailand",
      "iso_numeric": 764
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TLS",
      "name": "Timor-Leste",
      "iso_numeric": 626
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TON",
      "name": "Tonga",
      "iso_numeric": 776
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TTO",
      "name": "Trinidad and Tobago",
      "iso_numeric": 780
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TUN",
      "name": "Tunisia",
      "iso_numeric": 788
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TKM",
      "name": "Turkmenistan",
      "iso_numeric": 795
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TUV",
      "name": "Tuvalu",
      "iso_numeric": 798
    },
    {
      "iso3": "TUR",
      "name": "T\u00fcrkiye",
      "iso_numeric": 792
    },
    {
      "iso3": "UGA",
      "name": "Uganda",
      "iso_numeric": 800
    },
    {
      "iso3": "UKR",
      "name": "Ukraine",
      "iso_numeric": 804
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ARE",
      "name": "United Arab Emirates",
      "iso_numeric": 784
    },
    {
      "iso3": "GBR",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "iso_numeric": 826
    },
    {
      "iso3": "USA",
      "name": "United States",
      "iso_numeric": 840
    },
    {
      "iso3": "URY",
      "name": "Uruguay",
      "iso_numeric": 858
    },
    {
      "iso3": "UZB",
      "name": "Uzbekistan",
      "iso_numeric": 860
    },
    {
      "iso3": "VUT",
      "name": "Vanuatu",
      "iso_numeric": 548
    },
    {
      "iso3": "VEN",
      "name": "Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of",
      "iso_numeric": 862
    },
    {
      "iso3": "VNM",
      "name": "Viet Nam",
      "iso_numeric": 704
    },
    {
      "iso3": "YEM",
      "name": "Yemen",
      "iso_numeric": 887
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ZMB",
      "name": "Zambia",
      "iso_numeric": 894
    },
    {
      "iso3": "ZWE",
      "name": "Zimbabwe",
      "iso_numeric": 716
    }
  ],
  "pillars": [
    {
      "key": "food_import_dependency",
      "label": "Food import dependency",
      "unit": "%",
      "dimension": "sensitivity",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "Of all the food calories available in the country, the share that arrived from abroad. Bounded at 100% for scoring; the uncapped value is kept separately."
    },
    {
      "key": "feed_import_dependency",
      "label": "Feed import dependency",
      "unit": "%",
      "dimension": "sensitivity",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "The same measure applied to animal feed. A country can raise its own livestock and still be exposed if the grain those animals eat is imported."
    },
    {
      "key": "food_import_burden",
      "label": "Food import burden",
      "unit": "% of merchandise exports",
      "dimension": "sensitivity",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "The food import bill as a share of everything the country earns from exporting goods. Asks whether it can still afford the food when prices spike."
    },
    {
      "key": "supplier_hhi",
      "label": "Supplier concentration",
      "unit": "HHI (0-10,000)",
      "dimension": "sensitivity",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "How few countries it buys from. 10,000 means a single supplier. Computed per commodity, because national totals hide the risk."
    },
    {
      "key": "crop_diversity",
      "label": "Production concentration",
      "unit": "HHI (0-10,000)",
      "dimension": "sensitivity",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "How narrow its own harvest is. A harvest spread across many crops fails more gracefully than a monoculture."
    },
    {
      "key": "climate_exposure_norm",
      "label": "Climate exposure",
      "unit": "0-1",
      "dimension": "hazard",
      "direction": 1,
      "blurb": "Projected change in cereal yields and in population, from ND-GAIN. Exposure series only, never ND-GAIN's headline score, which would double-count pillar 1."
    },
    {
      "key": "adaptive_capacity",
      "label": "Adaptive capacity",
      "unit": "0-1",
      "dimension": "coping",
      "direction": -1,
      "blurb": "ND-GAIN readiness: the economic, governance and social capacity to act on a shock. The only pillar where a higher value means less vulnerable."
    }
  ],
  "schemes": [
    {
      "key": "equal",
      "label": "Equal weights",
      "blurb": "Every pillar counts the same. The headline scheme."
    },
    {
      "key": "hierarchical",
      "label": "Hierarchical",
      "blurb": "Averaged within sensitivity, hazard and coping first, then across the three, so coping capacity keeps a third of the influence instead of a seventh."
    },
    {
      "key": "pca",
      "label": "PCA",
      "blurb": "Weights derived from the data's own principal components rather than chosen."
    },
    {
      "key": "exposure_only",
      "label": "Exposure only",
      "blurb": "Adaptive capacity removed entirely. Shows what the index would say if it measured only whose supply chain breaks, not where that becomes hunger."
    }
  ],
  "dimensions": [
    {
      "key": "sensitivity",
      "label": "Sensitivity",
      "blurb": "How much damage a disruption would do, given how the food system is built."
    },
    {
      "key": "hazard",
      "label": "Hazard",
      "blurb": "How much pressure is coming at the country in the first place."
    },
    {
      "key": "coping",
      "label": "Coping capacity",
      "blurb": "How well it can respond once a shock lands."
    }
  ],
  "validation": {
    "matched_country_years": 1427,
    "spearman_rho": 0.9861,
    "median_absolute_error_pp": 1.07,
    "p95_absolute_error_pp": 12.56,
    "status": "pass_rank_order_with_tail_outliers"
  },
  "sources": [
    "Source: CEPII, BACI HS12 (V202601). Etalab Open Licence 2.0.",
    "Source: FAO. FAOSTAT (Food Balance Sheets / Food Security), 2026. Licence CC BY 4.0. FAO does not endorse any products or services.",
    "Source: University of Notre Dame, ND-GAIN Country Index, 2026 edition. CC BY 3.0."
  ]
}